Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions Of 1848 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY “ The Springtime of Peoples”

The turning point at which history failed to turn. --- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]

Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry!

Prince Metternich 1815: We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.

Not Really : Centers of Revolution in 1848

No Coherent Organized Revolutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Louis Philippe , “The Pear,” 1848

Prince Louis : Not Too Steady! Victor Hugo & Miguel de Girardin try to raise Prince Louis upon a shield. [Honoré Damier’s lithograph published in Charavari , December 11, 1848].

The February Revolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Alphonse Lamartine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Louis Blanc ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Coalition Splits: Mar.-May ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

April Elections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The “June Days” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Paris: To the Barricades Again!

The 2 nd French Republic ( 1848-1852 )‏ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Republic by Jean-Leon Gerome

President Louis Napoleon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1851 Coup d’Etat ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ferdinand I (1793-1875)‏ Therefore, the Empire was vulnerable to revolutionary challenges.

Austrian Students Form a Militia

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Revolution

The New Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I [r. 1848-1916]

Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)‏ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)‏ ,[object Object],[object Object]

Bohemia, 1848 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Prague Barricades

Upheaval in Italy, 1848 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Italy, 1848 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Reasons for Failure in Italy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Frederick William IV of Prussia ( 1840-1861 )‏

The Germans Follow the French ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Funeral for Berlin Freedom Fighters

The Frankfurt Assembly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A Citizen Militia on Parade in Berlin

Prussian Resurgence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Austria & Prussia Reassert Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A New German Confederation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Liberalism Discredited in Germany ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chartist Meeting, 1848

The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Bottom Line ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Some Bibliographic Sources ,[object Object],[object Object]

Revolutions of 1848

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