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1. NNFCC
Biorefining and Bio-based
Products
Dr Adrian Higson
February 2011
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

2. NNFCC
Today’s Presentation
About the NNFCC
Background
Biorefineries
Market Activity
Market Development
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

3. NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable
Energy, Fuels and Materials
An Independent ‘not for profit’ company
Mission
The NNFCC is committed to the sustainable development of markets for
biorenewable products. We promote the benefits of biorenewable
energy, liquid fuels and materials for enhancement of the bioeconomy,
environment and society.
Company Activity
Advisor to UK Government
Commercial Consultancy
Member Information Service
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

4. NNFCC
NNFCC Operating Space
Engagement
Technology
Evaluation
Industry
Policy Supply Chain
Translation Analysis
Renewable Raw
Materials
Government Academia
Sustainability Market
Assessment Evaluation
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

5. NNFCC
The NNFCC shares the
vision of a low carbon economy
Improve efficiency
GHG emissions
Fossil fuel substitution
Replacement of oil based materials
End of waste
Source: Adapted from ‘GHG Emission reductions with Industrial Biotechnology’: Assessing the Opportunities, WWF & Novozymes
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

6. NNFCC
EU Renewable Energy Directive
European Governments focussed on Bioenergy
Mandatory EU target of 20% renewable energy in overall energy
consumption by 2020
UK Target – 15%
Electricity Heat Transport 40
30
2020
20% 20
47% 2006
10 2008/9
33% 0
Electricity Heat Transport
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

7. NNFCC
Biorenewable Chemicals and Polymers
Market size ~ 50 million tones
Chemical Derivatives Naval Stores Natural Products
Oleochemicals Biopolymers Amino Acids
Alcohols Aliphatic acids Other
Fermentation Products
54%
7%
4%
17%
1%
7% 5%
1%
20%
1%
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

8. NNFCC
Images courtesy of DuPont, Novamont, Clarifoil, Arkema & Natureworks
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

9. NNFCC
Interest in bio-based chemicals - Why now?
Policy Support
Feedstock Technology
Pressure Drive
Market Demand
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

10. NNFCC
Relative feedstock pricing
300
250
200
150 Agricultural Raw Materials
Food
Crude Oil
100
50
0
Dec-00
Dec-01
Dec-02
Dec-03
Dec-04
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Dec-10
Jun-01
Jun-02
Jun-03
Jun-04
Jun-05
Jun-06
Jun-07
Jun-08
Jun-09
Jun-10
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

11. NNFCC
Sugar Price 1981-2011
35
30
25 30 year average 10US cents/pound
US cents/pound
20 10 year average 12US cents/pound
15
10
5
0
May-…
May-…
May-…
Jan-81
Mar-84
Oct-85
Jun-90
Jan-92
Mar-95
Oct-96
Jun-01
Jan-03
Mar-06
Oct-07
Aug-82
Aug-93
Aug-04
Nov-88
Nov-99
Maize Price 1981-2011
350
300
250
$/tonne
200 30 year average $120/tonne
150
10 year average $137/tonne
100
50
0
Jan-81
Mar-84
Jun-90
Jan-92
Mar-95
Jun-01
Jan-03
Mar-06
Oct-85
Oct-96
Oct-07
May-87
May-98
May-09
Aug-82
Nov-88
Aug-93
Nov-99
Aug-04
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/

12. NNFCC
Crude Oil Price 1981-2011
140
120
100
30 year average $31/bbl
80
10 year average $55/bbl
$/bbl
60
40
20
0
Jan-05
Jan-81
Jan-85
Jan-89
Jan-93
Jan-97
Jan-01
Jan-09
May-82
May-86
May-90
May-94
May-98
May-02
May-06
May-10
Sep-83
Sep-87
Sep-91
Sep-95
Sep-99
Sep-03
Sep-07
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

13. NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

14. NNFCC
Biorefineries hold the key to sustainable bio-
based product economics
Gudbrand Rødsrud, Director Business Development, Borregaard
Innovasjon Norge workshop, Tromsø juni 2010:
”Profitability in biorefining is difficult to achieve without an
integrated approach, where bulk products such as biofuel are
produced side-by-side with high-end chemicals.”
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

15. NNFCC
Organic residues Starch Sugar Lignocellulosic Lignocellulosic Oil based
Grasses Oil crops Algae
and others crops crops crops residues residues
Grain Straw Straw
Separation Fractionation and/
Pretreatment Pressing/
or pressing
desruption
Lignin
Fiber Gasification
separation Organic
solution Pyrolysis, HTU Oil
Hydrolysis
Syngas
Anaerobic
Extraction Pyrolytic
digestion
C6 sugars C5 sugars liquid
Water gas
shift Separation
Hydrogenation /
Upgrading
Biogas Methanisation Chemical
Fermentation reaction
Upgrading
Chemical
reaction Combustion Estherification
Upgrading
Steam
reforming
Water
H2 electrolysis
Chemical
Legend reaction
Feedstock Chemical Thermochemical
process process
Mechanical/ Biochemical
Platform
Physical process processes Organic acids Synthetic biofuels Chemicals & Animal
Biomethane Biomaterials Food
Material & extracts (FT, DME…) polymers feed
Energy products
products
Electricity
Link among biorefinery pathways Fertilizer Bio-H2 Bioethanol Glycerine Biodiesel
and heat
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

16. NNFCC
Cargill Biorefinery Erythritol
Blair, Nabraska
Lactic acid
Ethanol
Sugar
Natureworks PLA
Corn Food Lactic Acid
Lactic acid
Corn oil derivatives
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials Source: Google

17. NNFCC
Les Sohette’s Biorefinery
Bazancourt–Pomacle,
France
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials Source: Google

18. NNFCC
Les Sohette’s Biorefinery Development
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

19. NNFCC
A Vision of biorefining - Potential for fractionation
Cellulose
The separation of 5
refinery streams
Hemi-
Extractives
cellulose However unlike crude oil
Ligno- these streams are to an
cellulosic extent chemically &
biomass
physically linked
Protein Lignin
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

20. NNFCC
Biorefinery Focus
Material focussed
High value product
Expensive processing
Fractionation potential
high
Process costs
Energy focussed
Low value product
Low cost processing
Pre-treatment
Minimal fractionation
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

21. NNFCC
Process development must be holistic
Biomass
• Hardwood
Biomass
• Softwood
• Herbaceous
Processing 1
• Acid
• Alkali
Processing
1
• Thermal
• Solvent
Processing 2
Processing 2 • Biological
• Chemical
• Physical
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

22. NNFCC
Biorefinery Evolution
Biomass
Biomass
Process Fractionation
Fractionation
Products
Products Cellulose
Cellulose Hemicellulose
Hemicellulose Lignin
Lignin
Markets Fuel
Chemicals Fuel
Chemicals Energy
Chemicals
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

23. NNFCC
Lignin
Syngas Hydrocarbons Phenols Oxidised Macromolecules
Products Products
Methanol Benzene Phenol Vanilin Carbon Fibre
DME Toluene Substituted Vanilic Acid Fillers
Ethanol Xylene Phenols DMSO Polymer Extenders
Mixed Alcohols Cyclohexane Catchols Aromatic Substituted Lignins
Fischer Tropsch Styrenes Cresols Acids Thermoset Resins
Liquids Biphenyls Resorcinols Aliphatic Acids Composites
C1-C7 Gasses Eugenol Syringaldyde Adhesives
Syringols Aldehydes Binders
Coniferols Quinones Preservatives
Guaiacols Cyclohexanol Pharmaceuticals
Β-keto Adipate Polyols
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

24. NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

25. NNFCC
DOE’s Top 12 Bio-derived building blocks (2004)
O O O O
HO O
OH HO OH HO OH
O
Succinic acid 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid 3-Hydroxypropionic acid
NH 2 O O OH OH O O
HO OH
OH HO HO OH
O OH OH O NH 2
Aspartic acid Glucaric acid Glutamic acid
O O O O
OH CH 3
HO HO
CH 2 O
HO
O
Itaconic acid Levulinic acid 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone
OH OH OH OH
OH HO OH
OH
HO OH HO
OH OH OH
Glycerol Xylitol
Sorbitol
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

26. NNFCC
Epichlorohydrin from glycerol
Cl2
Cl + HCl • Solvay Epicerol® process
Cl2, H2O • Demonstration - Tavaux,
France
Cl
Cl OH
OH HCl
• Commercial
+ + HCl
HO OH
OH
• Plant location - Map Ta Phut
catalyst
Cl Cl • Capacity 100,000 tonnes
• Glycerine demand – 120,000
NaOH
tonnes
• Start Up - Q1 2012
O
+ NaCl
Cl
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

27. NNFCC
Propylene glycol from glycerol
• ADM – Propylene glycol
OH H2, cat. OH
HO OH HO • Plant location – Decatur
US
• Capacity 100,000 tons
DOW Chemical Company - Status unknown
Huntsman Corporation – Status unknown
Cargil/Ashland – Capacity 65,000 tonnes, location Europe
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

28. NNFCC
Lactic acid
• Food and cosmetic ingredient
• Polylactic acid – First large scale bio-based synthetic polymer
• European demand predicted to rise from 25,000 per year to 650,000 tonnes
by 2025
• Global lactic acid production capacity > 500,000 tonnes
• End Products from compostable packaging to textile fibres
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

29. NNFCC
Polylactic Acid
2.5
KgCO2 eq/kg Ingeo
• Improving performance, new 2
1.5
additive packages 1
0.5
0
Ingeo since Ingeo 2009: Ingeo target
• Improving ecoprofile 2005 currently
implemented
technology
60
• Advances in production allowing
MJ nonrenewable energy/kg
50
40
stereocontrol 30
Ingeo
20
10
0
• Increasing number of players
Ingeo since Ingeo 2009: Ingeo target
2005 currently
implemented
technology
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

30. NNFCC
Ethylene Value Chain
60%
Ethanol Ethylene Polyethylenes
7%
Styrene
Polymers/Rubbers
Monomer
Ethylene 14%
Polyester
Oxide/Glycol
12%
EDC PVC
7%
Other Alpha Olefins
PVA
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials Source: Nexant ChemSystems

31. NNFCC
Bio-ethylene market activity
• Braskem (Brazil)
• ethylene plant commissioned Q4 2010
• Capacity 200,000 tonnes/year
– Further plants under study
• Dow/Crystalsev (Brazil)
• Planned Polyolefin production
• Capacity 350,000 tonnes/year
• Solvay (Brazil)
• Planned PVC and PVA
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

32. NNFCC
Value Chain Activity
TETRA PAK PLANS BIOPLASTIC TRIALS
BRASKEM AND PROCTER & GAMBLE:
WORLD PARTNERS FOR THE GREEN
POLYETHYLENE SUPPLY
THE COCA-COLA COMPANY
INTRODUCES INNOVATIVE
BOTTLE MADE FROM
RENEWABLE, RECYCLABLE,
PLANT-BASED PLASTIC
THE CAR PRODUCER TOYOTA HAS ANNOUNCED
ITS INTENTION TO USE BIO-BASED PET FOR
VEHICLE LINER MATERIAL AND OTHER INTERIOR
SURFACES
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

33. NNFCC
GHG savings per unit of land
Land unit Output GHG savings
Bioethanol from 1 ha 66801 MJ 2,472 kg CO2 eq.
wheat 3181 litres
LLDPE from 1 ha 1.4 tonnes 3,270 kg CO2 eq.
wheat
Using wheat grain for polyethylene delivers an additional
32% GHG saving over fuel ethanol
Land unit Output GHG savings
LLDPE from sugar 1 ha 2.7 tonnes 6,402 kg CO2 eq.
beet
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

34. NNFCC
PET - the other half?
• Butamax and Gevo have targeted isobutanol as fuel and chemical precursor
• Avantium are working on new furan platforms
• Anellotech developing fast pyrolysis process to produce BTX from biomass
OH
O
O
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

35. NNFCC
Succinic acid
Polybutylene
Succinic Acid 1,4-Butanediol Terephthalate
Tetrahydrofuran Copolyester Ethers
Deicers/Coolent
Polytetramethylene
Ether Glycol
Solvent Thermoplastic
Plasticisers Polyurethanes
g-Butyrolactone Spandex Fibres
Fuel Additives
Fine & Speciality
Chemicals
N-Methyl -2- N-Vinyl-2-
Pyrrolidone 2-Pyrrolidone
Pyrrolidone
Fine & Speciality Fine & Speciality Polyvinyl
Chemicals Chemicals Pyrrolidone
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

36. NNFCC
Commercialisation of Succinic acid
Dec 09
May 08 Jul 09 BioAmber
BioAmber Myriant sign supply June 10
JV pilot runs agreement Reverdia JV
Mar 09 Sep 09 Jan 10 Jul 10
DSM & BASF & BioAmber BioAmber &
Roquette CSM commission DuPont
demo demo plant
plant
Several commercial plants under study
License and supply agreements announced
Other technology providers in the race
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

37. NNFCC
Development highlights, 2008-2010
• Global bioethanol production expansion (>61 million tonnes)
• Cellulosic ethanol production – into demonstration phase
• PLA capacity doubled and 2nd generation PLA developed
• Large scale biomethanol production realised
• A range of bio-based polyamides launched
• Biosuccinic acid production - into demonstration phase
• Propylene glycol - commercialised
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates - commercialised
• Biopolyethylene – commercialised
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

38. NNFCC
Bio-based chemicals – growth potential
Acetic Acid
Acrylic Acid
Chemicals from Renewable Materials Adipic Acid
5,000,000 Butanol
Cellulose
4,500,000
Epichlorohydrin
4,000,000 Ethylene
Isoprene
Plant Capacity (tonnes)
3,500,000
Lactic Acid
3,000,000 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
2,500,000 Propanediol (1,3)
Production Capacity
Propylene
2,000,000
Propylene Glycol
1,500,000 Starch (in bioplastic)
1,000,000 Succinic Acid
500,000
Excludes traditional chemicals
- e.g. amino acids, oleochemicals, citric acid etc
2010 2015 2020 2025
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials Source: NNFCC

39. NNFCC
Promise of things to come
Expansion Commercialisation
Ethanol Polyethylene
Polylactic acid Epichlorohydrin
Starch Plastics Propylene glycol
Cellulose Films PVC
Polyamides Butanol
Polyurethanes Isobutanol
Furans Succinic acid
Amino acids Isoprene
1,3-Propanediol 1,4-butanediol
PHA Itaconic acid
Butanol Polypropylene
Ethylene glycol Adipic acid
Ethyl acetate Acrylic acid
Isosorbide Glucaric acid
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

40. NNFCC
European Lead Market Initiative
• Standards, labels and certification
• Legislation promoting market
development
• Product specific legislation
• Access to biomass
• Encourage Green Public Procurement
• Financing and funding of research
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

41. NNFCC
What is bio-based?
100% bio-based
content 100% bio- 60%
Zemea™ based content X% bio-
renewable
1,3- based
Cerenol® content
propanediol Pearlthane®
polytrimethylene End
ECO
100% bio- diol 28% bio- Product
bio-TPU
based content based content
Susterra™ Sorona®
Corn 1,3- poly(trimethylene
propanediol terephthalate)
30-37%
renewable
Sorona® EP by weight
thermoplastic
polymers
Merquinsa
ASTM Standard D 6852: Standard Guide for Determination of Biobased
Content, Resources Consumption, and Environmental Profile of Materials and
DuPont Products
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

42. NNFCC
Carbon recycling and policy development
CO2
Base Functional Cultivation Combustion
material material
Food and Energy Cycle
Material Cycles
Raw EndEndlife/Raw material
of of life Solid/Liquid/Gaseous
material Biofuel
Cultivation Base
Recycle
Material
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

43. NNFCC
Linking Bio-based Materials to
Renewable Energy Production
Tuesday 1st March – Geological Society, London
Bringing together experts in the field of measuring bio-based content to
explain the options for measuring and certifying renewable content in
materials and its importance in renewable energy generation
Presentations from regulators, certifiers and companies working in the area
of wastes, plastics, fuels and energy
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

44. NNFCC
Summary
Bio-based product opportunities are being driven by:
Technology development
Feedstock pricing
Market pull
Considerable industry activity, however some issues:
Access to feedstock
Access to finance
Biorefinery development is key to the long term success of bio-
based products
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

45. NNFCC www.nnfcc.co.uk
Website: www.nnfcc.co.uk
Email: I.1234567891@nnfcc.co.uk
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

46. NNFCC
Any Questions?
Website: www.nnfcc.co.uk
Email: a.higson@nnfcc.co.uk
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials