SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 51
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
FYI: RADIATION
                   Kristine Marie Romallosa
               Radiation Protection Services
       Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Things to know about radiation..
•   Ionizing radiation
•   Types of ionizing radiation
•   Sources of ionizing radiation
•   Radioactive materials
What is Radiation?
What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of
emitting energy through a
medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
WAVES                                       PARTICLES




What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
WAVES                                       PARTICLES




        NON-IONISING                                  IONISING

What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
What is Ionizing Radiation?
Type of radiation that has sufficient energy to knock-out
             electrons in atoms and molecules


                                 electron


          Ionizing radiation
Types of Ionizing Radiation
   Alpha particles
   Beta particles
   Gamma rays
   X-rays
   Neutrons
Types of Ionizing Radiation




Alpha

Beta

Gamma
Types of Ionizing Radiation
Alpha


 Beta


Gamma
Radiation Hazards
....neutrons, x-rays & gamma rays
are more hazardous for the

entire body..
....alpha & beta emitters are more
hazardous When they are
ingested or inhaled..
Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Radioactive materials
   – Radioactive materials continuously emit
     radiation
   – Cannot be turned OFF

• Radiation emitting devices or
  equipment (e.g. X-ray machines)
   – Machines can be turned ON and OFF
   – When turned OFF, no radiation is
     emitted
Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Radioactive materials
   – Radioactive materials continuously emit
     radiation
   – Cannot be turned OFF

• Radiation emitting devices or
  equipment (e.g. X-ray machines)
   – Machines can be turned ON and OFF
   – When turned OFF, no radiation is
     emitted
Radioactive Materials
• unstable atoms that DECAY by
  emitting particles and/or
  electromagnetic radiation

• Release of ENERGY

• decays to form a more stable
  nuclide

• Results in the formation of new
  elements

• There are about more than
  2,000 unstable or radioactive
  nuclides
Radioactive Materials
• The rate at which the is
  radiation emitted is called the
  activity
• Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci)

1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps)

         1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq



• Half-life
    • The TIME taken for one half
      the nuclei in the sample to
      decay
Radioactive Materials
• The rate at which the is
  radiation emitted is called the
  activity
• Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci)             Cs-137 ~ 30 years
                                           I-131 ~ 8 days
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps)   Sr-90 ~ 28 yrs
         1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq



• Half-life
    • The TIME taken for one half
      the nuclei in the sample to
      decay
Sources of Ionising Radiation

• Natural Sources



• Man-made Sources
www.ocrwm.doe.gov/.../radiation-pathways.jpg
Natural Source: Common Building Materials
Natural Sources: Food, Water, Air
Natural Sources: Your body
Man-made sources
•   Nuclear reactors
•   Medicine
•   Food & agriculture
•   Industry
•   Household uses
•   Nuclear weapons
•   Archaeology & Geology
Man-Made Sources : Modern Health Care



        Conventional
        Diagnostic
        X-rays


        Nuclear medicine
             for therapy
              & diagnosis
Man-Made Sources : Modern Health Care




                           Radiation therapy for
 Fluoroscopic imaging of
                           cancer treatment
      body systems
Man-Made Sources: Industry




Gauges for levels in cans   Food irradiation
 & contents of bottles
Man-Made Sources: Industry




  Soil density &
Moisture content
analysis of roads
                    Industrial radiography for
                    Thickness of steel &
                    Integrity of welds
Households & buildings




Smoke detectors
                  Static eliminators
Global radiation dose
           Global Radiation Dose
              (UNSCEAR 2000)

                      nuclear
                       12%




     medical
      12%                                natural radon
                                             38%



   natural internal
        10%




               natural external
                    16%           natural cosmic
                                       12%
What could happen
 to the body when
     exposed to
     radiation?
Biological effects
• Biological effects on living cells
 1. Cells experience DNA damage
    that are detected & repaired

2. DNA damage not repaired and
   causes cell death

3. Cell experiences DNA
   mutation and may induce
   cancer
Radiation Effects
Radiation Dose
 Absorbed radiation dose (energy/mass) received by
the body taking into account the radiation sensitivity
of specific tissues and body organs
measure of the biological effect of a particular type of
radiation on organs or tissues
Sieverts ( Sv )
milliSv (mSv) = 1/1000 Sv
microSv (µSv) = 1/1,000,000 Sv
nanoSn (nSv) = 1/1,000,000,000 Sv
Exposure Limits
Occupational
exposure to
radiation
Radiation Doses Received (mSv)
 0.4 - 1.5    one chest X-ray

    0.1       Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone

   1-3        Mammogram

    3         US average annual natural background

    10        natural background Kerala coast, India
                                                           dose limit for workers
    50        Cranial CT scan

   100        small increase in cancer risk                dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers
250 - 1000    Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males;
              Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite,
1000 - 3000       sterility in males, death possible
              early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in
3000 - 6000        survivors
Radiation Doses Received (mSv)
 0.4 - 1.5    one chest X-ray

    0.1       Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone

   1-3        Mammogram

    3         US average annual natural background

    10        natural background Kerala coast, India
                                                           dose limit for workers
    50        Cranial CT scan

   100        small increase in cancer risk                dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers
250 - 1000    Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males;
              Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite,
1000 - 3000       sterility in males, death possible
              early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in
3000 - 6000        survivors
Summary of Radiation Effects
Relative Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy




Cohen,B.L. Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Physics 61/3:317-333 (1991)
Relative Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy




Cohen,B.L. Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Physics 61/3:317-333 (1991)
www.ocrwm.doe.gov/.../radiation-pathways.jpg
Radiation exposure
HOW CAN YOU
  CONTROL
 RADIATION
 EXPOSURE?
How to Control Exposure?

     TIME

DISTANCE

SHIELDING

            Time distance shielding
Minimize TIME
The less time that people are exposed to a radiation
       source, the lesser the absorbed dose.
Maximize DISTANCE
• the greater the distance from a
  source of penetrating radiation,
  the less the overall exposure
Incorporate shielding
Barriers of lead, concrete or water can stop
radiation or reduce radiation intensity.
Radiation Controls
• Evacuation (maximizing distance)
• Sheltering (shielding, minimizing
  inhalation)
• Restriction of food products in
  affected areas (minimizing ingestion)
• Restriction in water intake in
  affected areas (minimizing intake)
• Medical intervention (taking of pills)
• Radiation monitoring
Radiation Controls
       NOT YET NECESSARY
          IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Evacuation (maximizing distance)
• Sheltering (shielding, minimizing
  inhalation)
• Restriction of food products in
AFFECTED AREAS IN JAPAN
  affected areas (minimizing ingestion)
     ARE LOCALIZED
• Restriction in water intake in
  affected areas (minimizing intake)
• Medical intervention (taking of pills)
• Radiation monitoring
    RADIATION MONITORING
         IS ONGOING
Regular Bulletins at
   PNRI website
www.pnri.dost.gov.ph
Questions?
That’s all..




               Thank you!!!!

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

RADIATION hazards n protection
RADIATION hazards n protectionRADIATION hazards n protection
RADIATION hazards n protectionRMLIMS
 
Radiation types, units, protection
Radiation types, units, protectionRadiation types, units, protection
Radiation types, units, protectionSufyan Ibrahim
 
Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement Shahid Younas
 
Radiation Protection
Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection
Radiation ProtectionRakesh Ca
 
Radiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pk
Radiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pkRadiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pk
Radiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pkDr pradeep Kumar
 
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation
Ionizing RadiationDeep Shah
 
RADIATION PROTECTION
RADIATION PROTECTIONRADIATION PROTECTION
RADIATION PROTECTIONSubrata Roy
 
Radiation dosimtery princicles
Radiation dosimtery princiclesRadiation dosimtery princicles
Radiation dosimtery princiclesSabari Kumar
 
Ppt on radiation protection 01 final
Ppt on radiation protection 01 finalPpt on radiation protection 01 final
Ppt on radiation protection 01 finalKajal Jha
 
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devices
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devicesRadiation protection and personnel monitoring devices
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devicesRubiSapkota
 
What is radiation
What is radiationWhat is radiation
What is radiationjmocherman
 
Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement Shahid Younas
 
Non ionising radiation
Non ionising radiationNon ionising radiation
Non ionising radiationAnkur Sharma
 
Basic Radiation Protection
Basic Radiation ProtectionBasic Radiation Protection
Basic Radiation ProtectionMae Minguillo
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

RADIATION hazards n protection
RADIATION hazards n protectionRADIATION hazards n protection
RADIATION hazards n protection
 
Radiation types, units, protection
Radiation types, units, protectionRadiation types, units, protection
Radiation types, units, protection
 
Basics of Radiation
Basics of RadiationBasics of Radiation
Basics of Radiation
 
radIATION UNITS
radIATION UNITS radIATION UNITS
radIATION UNITS
 
Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement
 
Lecture 3-Sources of Radiation
Lecture 3-Sources of RadiationLecture 3-Sources of Radiation
Lecture 3-Sources of Radiation
 
Radiation Protection
Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection
Radiation Protection
 
Radiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pk
Radiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pkRadiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pk
Radiation protection PowerPoint slide PPT pk
 
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine shafiee
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine shafieeRadiation protection in nuclear medicine shafiee
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine shafiee
 
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
 
Radiation protection
Radiation protectionRadiation protection
Radiation protection
 
Radiation
RadiationRadiation
Radiation
 
RADIATION PROTECTION
RADIATION PROTECTIONRADIATION PROTECTION
RADIATION PROTECTION
 
Radiation dosimtery princicles
Radiation dosimtery princiclesRadiation dosimtery princicles
Radiation dosimtery princicles
 
Ppt on radiation protection 01 final
Ppt on radiation protection 01 finalPpt on radiation protection 01 final
Ppt on radiation protection 01 final
 
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devices
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devicesRadiation protection and personnel monitoring devices
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devices
 
What is radiation
What is radiationWhat is radiation
What is radiation
 
Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement Radiation detection and measurement
Radiation detection and measurement
 
Non ionising radiation
Non ionising radiationNon ionising radiation
Non ionising radiation
 
Basic Radiation Protection
Basic Radiation ProtectionBasic Radiation Protection
Basic Radiation Protection
 

Ähnlich wie Radiation

Radiation: Source, Effect & Protection
Radiation: Source, Effect & ProtectionRadiation: Source, Effect & Protection
Radiation: Source, Effect & ProtectionDr.Jatin Chhaya
 
19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...
19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...
19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...Steve Koch
 
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness TrainingBasic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness TrainingConnor Marshman
 
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION Bhuvi palaniswamy
 
Ionising radiation and living things
Ionising radiation and living thingsIonising radiation and living things
Ionising radiation and living thingschhibber5
 
RADIATION SAFETY.ppt
RADIATION SAFETY.pptRADIATION SAFETY.ppt
RADIATION SAFETY.pptDr Noorul
 
Radiaition hazard and sefety in cath lab
Radiaition hazard and sefety in cath labRadiaition hazard and sefety in cath lab
Radiaition hazard and sefety in cath labMuhammad Naveed Saeed
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptImran Khan
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptmariam113160
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBarakaFundo1
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).pptMaclenny
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBarakaFundo1
 
Radiation Safety in the Workplace
Radiation Safety in the WorkplaceRadiation Safety in the Workplace
Radiation Safety in the Workplace@Saudi_nmc
 
Lim Jus494 Nucleartechnology
Lim Jus494 NucleartechnologyLim Jus494 Nucleartechnology
Lim Jus494 Nucleartechnologymerlyna
 
RADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptx
RADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptxRADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptx
RADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptxlowelljaymayol
 
wbm-slides-f04.ppt
wbm-slides-f04.pptwbm-slides-f04.ppt
wbm-slides-f04.pptMaclenny
 

Ähnlich wie Radiation (20)

RADIATION
RADIATIONRADIATION
RADIATION
 
Radiation: Source, Effect & Protection
Radiation: Source, Effect & ProtectionRadiation: Source, Effect & Protection
Radiation: Source, Effect & Protection
 
19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...
19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...
19 Apr 7 Fundamental Forces, Radiation Doses, Medical Applications Actual Pre...
 
AWARNESS (1)
AWARNESS (1)AWARNESS (1)
AWARNESS (1)
 
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness TrainingBasic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
 
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
 
Ionising radiation and living things
Ionising radiation and living thingsIonising radiation and living things
Ionising radiation and living things
 
RADIATION SAFETY.ppt
RADIATION SAFETY.pptRADIATION SAFETY.ppt
RADIATION SAFETY.ppt
 
RD&M 2020(New).pptx
RD&M 2020(New).pptxRD&M 2020(New).pptx
RD&M 2020(New).pptx
 
Radiaition hazard and sefety in cath lab
Radiaition hazard and sefety in cath labRadiaition hazard and sefety in cath lab
Radiaition hazard and sefety in cath lab
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06 (1).ppt
 
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.pptBasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
BasicRadiationSafetyTrainingAwareness5-23-06.ppt
 
Radiation Safety in the Workplace
Radiation Safety in the WorkplaceRadiation Safety in the Workplace
Radiation Safety in the Workplace
 
Lim Jus494 Nucleartechnology
Lim Jus494 NucleartechnologyLim Jus494 Nucleartechnology
Lim Jus494 Nucleartechnology
 
Nuclear hazards
Nuclear hazardsNuclear hazards
Nuclear hazards
 
RADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptx
RADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptxRADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptx
RADIO_ACTIVE_POLLUTION2.pptx
 
wbm-slides-f04.ppt
wbm-slides-f04.pptwbm-slides-f04.ppt
wbm-slides-f04.ppt
 

Mehr von AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People

Mehr von AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People (20)

Technical paper on ulysses flooding
Technical paper on ulysses floodingTechnical paper on ulysses flooding
Technical paper on ulysses flooding
 
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
 
Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon
Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyonPraymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon
Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon
 
Agham Feed-in Tariff system Briefer
Agham Feed-in Tariff system BrieferAgham Feed-in Tariff system Briefer
Agham Feed-in Tariff system Briefer
 
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education ProgramScience, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
 
Moving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - agham
Moving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - aghamMoving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - agham
Moving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - agham
 
Dam guide for communities
Dam guide for communitiesDam guide for communities
Dam guide for communities
 
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National DevelopmentSmall Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
 
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
 
Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powers
Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powersAgham bits on power shortage and emergency powers
Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powers
 
Gabay sa Pagtatalakay ng EPIRA
Gabay sa Pagtatalakay ng EPIRAGabay sa Pagtatalakay ng EPIRA
Gabay sa Pagtatalakay ng EPIRA
 
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...
 
Mt.abo eim3
Mt.abo eim3Mt.abo eim3
Mt.abo eim3
 
On ven
On venOn ven
On ven
 
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
 
Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
 
Beo!!!!
Beo!!!!Beo!!!!
Beo!!!!
 
Cec feedback03
Cec feedback03Cec feedback03
Cec feedback03
 
Radiation
RadiationRadiation
Radiation
 
Earthquake and tsunami
Earthquake and tsunamiEarthquake and tsunami
Earthquake and tsunami
 

Radiation

  • 1. FYI: RADIATION Kristine Marie Romallosa Radiation Protection Services Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
  • 2. Things to know about radiation.. • Ionizing radiation • Types of ionizing radiation • Sources of ionizing radiation • Radioactive materials
  • 4. What is Radiation? Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form of waves or particles
  • 5. WAVES PARTICLES What is Radiation? Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form of waves or particles
  • 6. WAVES PARTICLES NON-IONISING IONISING What is Radiation? Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form of waves or particles
  • 7. What is Ionizing Radiation? Type of radiation that has sufficient energy to knock-out electrons in atoms and molecules electron Ionizing radiation
  • 8. Types of Ionizing Radiation Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays X-rays Neutrons
  • 9. Types of Ionizing Radiation Alpha Beta Gamma
  • 10. Types of Ionizing Radiation Alpha Beta Gamma
  • 11. Radiation Hazards ....neutrons, x-rays & gamma rays are more hazardous for the entire body.. ....alpha & beta emitters are more hazardous When they are ingested or inhaled..
  • 12. Sources of Ionising Radiation • Radioactive materials – Radioactive materials continuously emit radiation – Cannot be turned OFF • Radiation emitting devices or equipment (e.g. X-ray machines) – Machines can be turned ON and OFF – When turned OFF, no radiation is emitted
  • 13. Sources of Ionising Radiation • Radioactive materials – Radioactive materials continuously emit radiation – Cannot be turned OFF • Radiation emitting devices or equipment (e.g. X-ray machines) – Machines can be turned ON and OFF – When turned OFF, no radiation is emitted
  • 14. Radioactive Materials • unstable atoms that DECAY by emitting particles and/or electromagnetic radiation • Release of ENERGY • decays to form a more stable nuclide • Results in the formation of new elements • There are about more than 2,000 unstable or radioactive nuclides
  • 15. Radioactive Materials • The rate at which the is radiation emitted is called the activity • Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps) 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq • Half-life • The TIME taken for one half the nuclei in the sample to decay
  • 16. Radioactive Materials • The rate at which the is radiation emitted is called the activity • Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci) Cs-137 ~ 30 years I-131 ~ 8 days 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps) Sr-90 ~ 28 yrs 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq • Half-life • The TIME taken for one half the nuclei in the sample to decay
  • 17. Sources of Ionising Radiation • Natural Sources • Man-made Sources
  • 19. Natural Source: Common Building Materials
  • 22. Man-made sources • Nuclear reactors • Medicine • Food & agriculture • Industry • Household uses • Nuclear weapons • Archaeology & Geology
  • 23. Man-Made Sources : Modern Health Care Conventional Diagnostic X-rays Nuclear medicine for therapy & diagnosis
  • 24. Man-Made Sources : Modern Health Care Radiation therapy for Fluoroscopic imaging of cancer treatment body systems
  • 25. Man-Made Sources: Industry Gauges for levels in cans Food irradiation & contents of bottles
  • 26. Man-Made Sources: Industry Soil density & Moisture content analysis of roads Industrial radiography for Thickness of steel & Integrity of welds
  • 27. Households & buildings Smoke detectors Static eliminators
  • 28. Global radiation dose Global Radiation Dose (UNSCEAR 2000) nuclear 12% medical 12% natural radon 38% natural internal 10% natural external 16% natural cosmic 12%
  • 29. What could happen to the body when exposed to radiation?
  • 30. Biological effects • Biological effects on living cells 1. Cells experience DNA damage that are detected & repaired 2. DNA damage not repaired and causes cell death 3. Cell experiences DNA mutation and may induce cancer
  • 32. Radiation Dose Absorbed radiation dose (energy/mass) received by the body taking into account the radiation sensitivity of specific tissues and body organs measure of the biological effect of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues Sieverts ( Sv ) milliSv (mSv) = 1/1000 Sv microSv (µSv) = 1/1,000,000 Sv nanoSn (nSv) = 1/1,000,000,000 Sv
  • 35. Radiation Doses Received (mSv) 0.4 - 1.5 one chest X-ray 0.1 Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone 1-3 Mammogram 3 US average annual natural background 10 natural background Kerala coast, India dose limit for workers 50 Cranial CT scan 100 small increase in cancer risk dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers 250 - 1000 Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males; Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite, 1000 - 3000 sterility in males, death possible early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in 3000 - 6000 survivors
  • 36. Radiation Doses Received (mSv) 0.4 - 1.5 one chest X-ray 0.1 Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone 1-3 Mammogram 3 US average annual natural background 10 natural background Kerala coast, India dose limit for workers 50 Cranial CT scan 100 small increase in cancer risk dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers 250 - 1000 Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males; Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite, 1000 - 3000 sterility in males, death possible early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in 3000 - 6000 survivors
  • 38. Relative Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy Cohen,B.L. Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Physics 61/3:317-333 (1991)
  • 39. Relative Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy Cohen,B.L. Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Physics 61/3:317-333 (1991)
  • 42. HOW CAN YOU CONTROL RADIATION EXPOSURE?
  • 43. How to Control Exposure? TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING Time distance shielding
  • 44. Minimize TIME The less time that people are exposed to a radiation source, the lesser the absorbed dose.
  • 45. Maximize DISTANCE • the greater the distance from a source of penetrating radiation, the less the overall exposure
  • 46. Incorporate shielding Barriers of lead, concrete or water can stop radiation or reduce radiation intensity.
  • 47. Radiation Controls • Evacuation (maximizing distance) • Sheltering (shielding, minimizing inhalation) • Restriction of food products in affected areas (minimizing ingestion) • Restriction in water intake in affected areas (minimizing intake) • Medical intervention (taking of pills) • Radiation monitoring
  • 48. Radiation Controls NOT YET NECESSARY IN THE PHILIPPINES • Evacuation (maximizing distance) • Sheltering (shielding, minimizing inhalation) • Restriction of food products in AFFECTED AREAS IN JAPAN affected areas (minimizing ingestion) ARE LOCALIZED • Restriction in water intake in affected areas (minimizing intake) • Medical intervention (taking of pills) • Radiation monitoring RADIATION MONITORING IS ONGOING
  • 49. Regular Bulletins at PNRI website www.pnri.dost.gov.ph
  • 51. That’s all.. Thank you!!!!