1. Social EnterpriseWhat lies behind the label? Simon Teasdale and Fergus Lyon

2. Social Enterprise ‘A social enterprise is a business with primarily social objectives, whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose in the business or in the community, rather than being driven by the need to maximise profits for shareholders’ (DTI, 2002).

3. Making sense of social enterprise discourses Hierarchical Social Business Earned income Social Economic Community Enterprise Co-ops Collective

4. Phenomenal growth in the UK?

5. Explaining the ‘phenomenal growth’ of social enterprise Hierarchical Social Economic ECOTEC, 2003: 5,300 social enterprises Collective

6. Explaining the ‘phenomenal growth’ of social enterprise Hierarchical Social Economic IFF Research, 2005: 15,000 social enterprises Collective

7. Explaining the ‘phenomenal growth’ of social enterprise Hierarchical ASBS Surveys, 2005-2008: 62,000 social enterprises Social Economic Collective

8. Explaining the ‘phenomenal growth’ of social enterprise Hierarchical ASBS Surveys, 2005-2008 all social enterprises: 220,000 Social Economic Collective

9. Explaining the ‘phenomenal growth’ of social enterprise Hierarchical NSTSO, 2008-09: 8,507 social enterprises Social Economic Collective

10. Policy confusion Social Enterprise Mark Social enterprise finance Social Enterprise Investment Fund Public Services (Social Enterprise and Social Value) Bill

11. Practitioner confusion Social enterprise as outsiders Social enterprise as missing link Social enterprise as panacea

12. Policy opportunities Social enterprises demonstrate ‘that social and environmental responsibility can be combined with financial success. They are innovative; entrepreneurial; concerned with aligning the needs of the individual with those of society; and social justice is their guiding principle. They offer joined-up, personalised services by...making the connections for service users...enabling users to make informed choices. They enable access to public services by...taking the service to the citizen, empowering dispersed communities to work together. They improve outcomes for those “hardest to help” by...developing innovative solutions...sharing the problem and the solution. They influence individual choices by...using role models within the community...giving people a stake in protecting their future.’

13. Practitioner opportunities Hierarchical Refugee Support Network National Arts Global Theatre Productions Economic Social Community Group Network Local Arts Collective

14. Conclusions Social enterprise means different things to different people across different contexts and at different points in time. Its contested nature leads to wide variation in estimating the number of social enterprises, and to policy confusion. This conceptual confusion provides opportunities for organisations and policy makers to present strategic impressions to different audiences to achieve different goals. So where next for social enterprise under the coalition government?

15. Social enterprise in the coalition Any willing provider Payment by results Right to bid to run local services Public sector employee spin outs Train community organisers Big Society Bank A focus on scaling up existing activity Where will support come from?

16. Where might growth come from? Encouraging new start ups Movement from the voluntary sector Growth of existing enterprises Community Asset Transfer Transfers from public sector But.... Who wants to grow ? Who are the social entrepreneurs? How is innovation encouraged?

17. Increasing potential scale of impact of innovations Scale and control Decreasing control over how innovations are implemented A - Growth within the organisation B- Scaling through franchises and licensing C- Open access sharing and disseminating good practice

18. Spin outs and social enterprise Types of spin outs and motivations to leave the public sector Are they innovative? What do different people mean by innovation? What are the processes of innovation? How are they diversifying? How are they growing or not growing? How are they assessing their social impact?

19. Social Enterprise Finance Who is going for loan finance? What makes a minority of SEs able to seek out and use development finance local disembedding? New generation of entrepreneurs? How best to support investment intermediaries? Can new forms of funding make a significant difference – ‘crowdfunding’, social impact bonds? How can investors judge social impact?

20. Social impact Why is there interest in social impact ? How is social impact measurement being used? Is it for learning or for marketing? What is being measured? How to research wellbeing? How are organisations scaling up their social impact?

21. For discussion Does it matter that there is no clear definition of social enterprise? Where is growth coming from, and is it always desirable? How will coalition policies on spin-outs shape the social enterprise sector? What information do social investors require? Will social enterprises measure their impact and can we trust the results?