especially for najaa fuad ! =)) * winkwink

2. Salt that are formed by neutralization between a fatty acid and an

3. alkali.

4. One example of soap is sodium palmitate, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COONa. It is

5. formed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

6. CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COONa(aq) +H₂O(l)

7. Briefly explain the history of the soap manufacturing in a flowchart.

9. In the past, soap was made by mixing animal fats with alkaline and wood ashes

10. Large-scale commercial soapmaking occurred in 1791 when a French Chemist, Nicholas Leblanc patented a process for making soda ash or sodium carbonate from common salt. The process yielded large quantities of quality soda ash.

11. Soap can be prepared through saponification. Use a flow chart to show soap preparation process in the laboratory, starting with the raw materials. Include any relevant chemical equation.

12. Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids.

13. It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

14. The oil or fat molecules are “broken up” or hydrolyzed to glyce ro l and fatty acids.

15. This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication)

17. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap-soap in liquid form).

18. Fatty acid + NaOH -> Glycerol + Sodium soap

19. Sodium soaps are "hard" soaps.

20. The more saturated the oil (tropical vegetable oils such as coconut oil), the harder the soap.

21. Fatty acid + KOH -> Glycerol + Potassium soap

22. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand soaps and shaving creams.

23. Give the definition of detergent and some examples of detergents.

24. Salt that are formed by neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulphate with an alkali.

25. One example of detergent is sodium lauryl sulphate

26. Detergents may contain many other substances in addition to the substances that does the cleaning and also to make it more effective.

27. These substances are called additives

28. Use a flow chart to summarize the steps in the preparation of detergent. Include any relevant chemical equation.

30. One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar end). - It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or “likes water”.

31. The other part has no charge (non-polar end)

32. It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or “hates water”.

33. These two parts work together to remove grease.

34. When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease

36. The negatively charged ‘heads’ (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergents ions dissolves

38. When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried away

39. Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirt particles from the material being washed

41. Addictives Example Function Biological enzymeAmylases, proteases, cellulasesTo remove protein stains such as bloodWhitening agentSodium perborateTo convert stains into colourless substancesOptical whitenerFluorescent dyesTo add brightness and whiteness to white fabricsBuilder Sodium tripolyphosphateTo enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by softening the waterSuspension agentcarboxymethylcelluloseTo prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics.Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate To add to tha bulk of the detergents and enable it to be poured easilyFoam control agentsSilicones To control foaming in detergentFragrance -To add fragrance to both detergent and fabrics