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Dave Martin                                 History 141                       Tuesday, July 19, 2011



Agincourt 1415 and the Long Bow
Dr. David Chandler of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst tells us Edward III first developed

tactics against the Scotts using the English Long Bow. It was the number one most devastating

weapon until the development of the more accurate forms of firearms. The English Long Bow is

a six foot long, one hundred fifty pound pull piece of ash that can propel a cloth yard shaft,

pulled back to the ear nearly 1000 feet per second, which can penetrate solid plate armor six to

twelve inches. The arrows were provided with a whole range of arrow heads for different

requirements. The most usual point was the narrow steel point for armor piercing. This point

could be three to eight inches long.


The effective range of the Long Bow ranged from 400 hundred yards maximum to 200 yards

normal and at 60 yards was absolutely lethal. A good archer can fire ten shots per minute. At

any one minute, a single archer could have three arrows in the air. Multiply this by 5,000

archers and an army could have 15,000 arrows in the air at one time. This type of massed aerial

attack would decimate mounted heavy cavalry and infantry alike.


Archers took a longtime to train. A bowman starting as a boy was trained to hold out his arm

with a small weight hanging from his hand. Over time this weight would be increased so as an

adult, the archers arm and shoulder would be very strong, able to hold the bow straight out

from the shoulder. This was the secret to the use of the long bow. Archers were the more

expensive members of the common members of the army at 6p 3f. Archers were used at sea as

well, firing from long distances to clear both the rigging and decks of an enemy ship.
Dave Martin                                 History 141                      Tuesday, July 19, 2011


King Henry V 1413 – 1422, an experienced soldier whose father usurped the thrown, needed to

divert his nobles to a cause that would unite Englishmen behind him. Henry V resolved to

pursue his claim to the French thrown by force. A single minded and ruthless politician, Henry

created an army of 2000 knights and men at arms, 8000 archers. Using over 1500 ships, his

army took three days to cross from Southampton to Harfleur. It is interesting to note the

similarity to the Allied invasion of Europe, “D-Day”, 550 years later.


Using tactics that took full advantage of the Long Bow, Henry V was able to defeat French

forces numbering well over three times his numbers. Henry formed his army into three phalanx

separated between and flanked by delta shaped groupings of his archers. The French nobles

tended to charge using their knights mounted on war horses and would be wiped out by

multiple volleys of arrows long before they reached Henry’s lines. They were often caught

exposed to crossfire from the English archers.


The battle of Agincourt was a complete disaster for the French. Henry V, using his superior

tactics and weaponry, the English Long Bow, was able to defeat a much larger French force in a

series of running battles from Harfleur to Agincourt. Henry was expecting reinforcements from

Calais, however, the French King Phillip with his overly confident nobles caught up with Henry’s

exhausted forces, forcing Henry into a defensive battle. Refusing to wait for the full army to

assemble, the impetuous French nobles charged recklessly into the waiting ranks of the English

archers. Horses and Knights were pinned under hails of raining death. The French Nobility was

destroyed for generations and Henry gained control of more French territory than anyone.

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Agincourt 1415

  • 1. Dave Martin History 141 Tuesday, July 19, 2011 Agincourt 1415 and the Long Bow Dr. David Chandler of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst tells us Edward III first developed tactics against the Scotts using the English Long Bow. It was the number one most devastating weapon until the development of the more accurate forms of firearms. The English Long Bow is a six foot long, one hundred fifty pound pull piece of ash that can propel a cloth yard shaft, pulled back to the ear nearly 1000 feet per second, which can penetrate solid plate armor six to twelve inches. The arrows were provided with a whole range of arrow heads for different requirements. The most usual point was the narrow steel point for armor piercing. This point could be three to eight inches long. The effective range of the Long Bow ranged from 400 hundred yards maximum to 200 yards normal and at 60 yards was absolutely lethal. A good archer can fire ten shots per minute. At any one minute, a single archer could have three arrows in the air. Multiply this by 5,000 archers and an army could have 15,000 arrows in the air at one time. This type of massed aerial attack would decimate mounted heavy cavalry and infantry alike. Archers took a longtime to train. A bowman starting as a boy was trained to hold out his arm with a small weight hanging from his hand. Over time this weight would be increased so as an adult, the archers arm and shoulder would be very strong, able to hold the bow straight out from the shoulder. This was the secret to the use of the long bow. Archers were the more expensive members of the common members of the army at 6p 3f. Archers were used at sea as well, firing from long distances to clear both the rigging and decks of an enemy ship.
  • 2. Dave Martin History 141 Tuesday, July 19, 2011 King Henry V 1413 – 1422, an experienced soldier whose father usurped the thrown, needed to divert his nobles to a cause that would unite Englishmen behind him. Henry V resolved to pursue his claim to the French thrown by force. A single minded and ruthless politician, Henry created an army of 2000 knights and men at arms, 8000 archers. Using over 1500 ships, his army took three days to cross from Southampton to Harfleur. It is interesting to note the similarity to the Allied invasion of Europe, “D-Day”, 550 years later. Using tactics that took full advantage of the Long Bow, Henry V was able to defeat French forces numbering well over three times his numbers. Henry formed his army into three phalanx separated between and flanked by delta shaped groupings of his archers. The French nobles tended to charge using their knights mounted on war horses and would be wiped out by multiple volleys of arrows long before they reached Henry’s lines. They were often caught exposed to crossfire from the English archers. The battle of Agincourt was a complete disaster for the French. Henry V, using his superior tactics and weaponry, the English Long Bow, was able to defeat a much larger French force in a series of running battles from Harfleur to Agincourt. Henry was expecting reinforcements from Calais, however, the French King Phillip with his overly confident nobles caught up with Henry’s exhausted forces, forcing Henry into a defensive battle. Refusing to wait for the full army to assemble, the impetuous French nobles charged recklessly into the waiting ranks of the English archers. Horses and Knights were pinned under hails of raining death. The French Nobility was destroyed for generations and Henry gained control of more French territory than anyone.